Competition in Real Estate
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REALTORS® help foster competition through their participation in local broker marketplaces. These marketplaces help create highly competitive real estate markets that are friendly to small businesses and new market entrants. REALTORS® work together in for the benefit of consumers, and to help ensure buyers and sellers have the greatest access, transparency and choice in their homeownership journeys. As a result, brokerages of all sizes are able to compete and provide their services to consumers, who in turn have the freedom to choose between different service models and pricing that best meet their needs.
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Call to Action
- Educate consumers, policymakers, media and other interested third parties about how the local MLS broker marketplaces work, and how they promote equity, transparency and market-driven pricing options for consumers.
- Use the fact sheets, FAQs, articles, infographics and other resources on competition.realtor to promote the value of local MLS broker marketplaces and how they work in the best interest of consumers.
- Help consumers understand the value REALTORS® bring to the transaction, how REALTORS® serve as champions in their communities and as advocates for private property rights.
- Use buyer representation agreements and continue to have transparent conversations with consumers about the negotiability of commissions and how buyer agents get paid.
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Resource:
- Competition.realtor: Learn the key points for you as members of the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR) to know and share about how competitive and consumer-friendly local broker marketplaces – another name for MLSs – are, and the critical role NAR members play in advancing consumers’ interests. Access a host of resources to facilitate conversations with consumers and other interested third parties about the local broker marketplaces, competition, the REALTOR® value. In addition, find the latest developments on legal and other challenges facing the industry.
Cybercrime
- Cybercrime continues to be a top concern across industries, including real estate. In 2021, the FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reported a year over year increase in both the number of claims and total victim losses. According to the FBI’s 2021 Internet Crime Report, it received nearly 850,000 complaints with an estimated total loss of $6.9 billion dollars in 2021 alone. Among the top scams facing consumers and business are: i) phishing/vishing/smishing/pharming whereby fraudsters use unsolicited emails, text messages and phone calls from a purportedly legitimate company to obtain personal, financial and login credentials; ii) business email compromise, or wire fraud, carried out by fraudsters compromising email accounts to effectuate fraudulent fund transfers; and iii) ransomware whereby cybercriminals install malicious software that locks users out of their systems or encrypts data making it inaccessible unless a ransom payment is paid to the criminals. Real estate professionals should be aware of these risks facing not only their businesses, but also consumers, and be sure to educate staff and clients about preventative steps they can take to prevent falling victim to cybercrime.
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Risk Reduction Tips
- Train staff to be suspicious before clicking on unknown links or attachments.
- Routinely patch and update business software and equipment.
- Educate consumers about the threat of wire fraud and to always verify any wire or payment instructions with a known contact before sending any money.
- Use multifactor authentication and require passwords to be updated regularly.
- Backup data and files regularly, following the 3-2-1 backup strategy; 3 copies of the data in 2 different formats with 1 copy stored off-site.
- Require vendors to adhere to good cybersecurity practices, and obtain assurances in contracts.
- Immediately report ransomware incidents to local FBI office, local law enforcement, and file a report at www.ic3.gov.
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Resources
- Mortgage Closing Scam Client Advisory Brochure
- Window to the Law: Protecting Your Business from a Ransomware Attack
- Window to the Law: Cybersecurity: What You Need to Know
- Cybersecurity Checklist: Best Practices for Real Estate Professionals
- NAR Emerging Technology Series: Episode 3 – Ransomware
- AEI Year-Round Virtual Sessions: Cybersecurity Best Practices in the Era of COVID-19
- Cyber and Fidelity Insurance Report for Real Estate Brokers
- NAR Data Security & Privacy Toolkit
- FBI Internet Crime Center: Internet Crime Report 2020
- Directory of Local FBI Field Offices
Multiple Offers
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Presenting and negotiating multiple offers brings the potential for misunderstanding and missed opportunities. By, by adhering to a few fundamental principles, real estate professionals can help both the seller and buyer understand their options, and avoid complaints and fair housing issues.
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Risk Reduction Tips:
- Discuss the potential for multiple offers at the listing interview; explain the available options to the seller upfront and get the seller’s instruction for handling multiple offers in advance.
- Know your state laws regarding duties owed to clients, timeframes for presenting offers, and what may be disclosed to the other party in a multiple offer situation.
- Remember that Article 1 requires REALTORS® to promote the interest of their client while treating all parties honestly.
- Keep in mind that poorly drafted Buyer Love Letters can trigger fair housing violations for both the real estate professional and the seller.
- Discuss the pros and cons of escalation clauses or addendums with buyers.
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Resources:
Copyright Infringement
- Real estate professionals must obtain permission to use a third-party work and comply with the terms of the granted license to avoid copyright infringement. Be sure to confirm that any rights received align with the current or planned use of photographs or other third-party work before sharing on a website, in the MLS, public portals, and other venues. Real estate professionals should also ensure proper rights to any music used at live events and before incorporating into video recordings. Keep in mind that a unique license(s) is required before music is incorporated into a video recording. Be sure to keep records to easily confirm rights, if needed. In addition, real estate professionals should avail themselves of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act safe harbor, which should greatly reduce brokers’ and agents’ risk of liability regarding third party photos and music that appear in IDX displays.
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Risk Reduction Tips
- Obtain ownership or a broad exclusive license for photographs.
- Secure necessary licenses in order to play music at a live event or incorporate music into a listing video.
- Be sure to understand the rights granted in license agreements, and consider any future use of copyrighted material when securing the license.
- Comply with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act safe harbor.
- Keep records of license agreements to easily confirm rights, if challenged.
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Resources
- Listing Photo Sample Agreements
- NAR Risk Management Webinar Series: Copyright: Best Practices to Avoid Costly Claims
- Window to the Law: Copyright Best Practices for Listing Photos
- Window to the Law: Copyright Infringement Safe Harbor
- Window to the Law: How to Avoid Copyright Infringement
- NAR Article: “Who Owns Your Property Photos?”
- Make NAR’s Marks Remarkable & Quick Copyright Best Practices
Fair Housing
- Fair housing laws prohibit a refusal to rent or sell real property based on a protected characteristic. Steering, blockbusting, and refusing to provide equal services to all clients are obvious fair housing violations, but liability may also arise when a policy or action disproportionately harms a protected class. A 2019 investigation on Long Island published by Newsday revealed that 49% of Black testers, along with 39% of Hispanic and 19% of Asian testers, were not provided equal services. It’s imperative that all real estate professionals incorporate fair housing compliance and implicit bias training into their strategic plans.
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Risk Reduction Tips
- Implement an Equal Services Report and Checklist for all customer interactions.
- Ensure any prerequisites are consistent and objective.
- Focus on objective characteristics of the property and avoid giving personal opinions about a neighborhood or community.
- Warn of fair housing concerns related to poorly drafted letters Buyer Love Letters, and avoid reviewing them should clients insist on using them.
- Incorporate regular implicit bias and fair housing compliance into your ongoing training plans.
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Resources
- NAR’s Fair Housing Resource site.
- Real Estate Brokerage Essentials: Chapter on Fair Housing with training materials
- NAR Video: Implicit Bias Override
- At Home with Diversity Certification
- A Snapshot of Race and Homebuying in America
- REALTOR® Fair Housing Declaration
- The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, by Richard Rothstein (2017)
- Fair Housing social media assets available via Photofy
- Fairhaven: A Fair Housing Simulation
- Window to the Law: Advertising within the Fair Housing Framework
- Window to the Law: Criminal Background Checks and Fair Housing
- Window to the Law Video: Creating a Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Policy
- Window to the Law Video: NAR’s Fair Housing Action Plan
- Window to the Law: Fair Housing Update
ADA Website Accessibility
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) website accessibility claims continue to grow, with a reported 14% increase in federal lawsuits filed in 2021 as compared to 2020. Additionally, the real estate industry has continued to see a wave of demand letters alleging a business website’s inaccessibility in violation of the ADA and unsupported claims that it also violates the Fair Housing Act (FHA). Businesses continue to wait for the Department of Justice to issue regulations addressing this issue. In the meantime, in March 2022, the DOJ issued website accessibility guidance and a new webpage with information about website accessibility. In the guidance, the DOJ provided information on how businesses can use existing standards to make their websites accessible to people with disabilities. Real estate professionals should continue to work with website vendors to conduct accessibility audits of their websites and use existing technical standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, to ensure accessibility of a website’s features. NAR will continue to advocate for regulations with clear standards that take into consideration the challenges that businesses face in developing and maintaining accessible websites.
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Risk Reduction Tips
- Assess your website’s current accessibility, and create a plan to take steps to address and enhance any accessibility issues.
- Ask your website provider about how they are addressing your site’s accessibility, and be sure to address ADA website accessibility and indemnification issues in your contract with the provider.
- Consult a website accessibility expert to create a plan for addressing website accessibility issues.
- Include an accessibility statement on your website, along with contact info where individuals with disabilities may report difficulty accessing the website and can seek additional assistance accessing information or services. Feel free to copy NAR's accessibility statement on its website.
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Resources
- REALTOR® Magazine: “ADA Demand Letters: A Vexing Reality for Real Estate Pros”
- REALTOR® Magazine: “Is Your Website ADA Compliant?”
- Window to the Law: ADA and Website Accessibility Update
- Window to the Law: Accessible Websites and the ADA
- Department of Justice March 18, 2022: Guidance on Web Accessibility and the ADA
TCPA & DNC: Texting and Calling
- Plaintiff lawyers have created a lucrative business model filing class action lawsuits alleging real estate professionals have violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) and Do Not Call (DNC) laws by sending text messages and placing phone calls without the recipient’s consent. Specifically, the TCPA requires prior express written consent before using an automatic telephone dialing system (ATDS) to place telemarketing calls or texts to wireless numbers.
On April 1, 2021, the United States Supreme Court issued its long-awaited opinion in Facebook v. Duguid, unanimously overturning the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and narrowly defining the TCPA’s ATDS definition. In order to trigger the TCPA’s ATDS consent requirements, the call technology must not only store or dial numbers, it must actually use a random or sequential number generator to place the calls. Thus, calls using random or sequential number generators still require prior express written consent, which involves a signed agreement clearly and conspicuously disclosing the text recipient’s permission to receive call and text messages from the sender. Now, it is clear that calls generated individually - not using a random or sequential number generator - need not obtain prior consent at all. Even if the device has the ability to store and dial call lists. DNC laws should always be followed, which prohibits individuals from contacting phone numbers contained in the DNC registry. -
Follow these tips to reduce risk of violating TCPA
- Consent is the gold standard to avoid TCPA liability and should must obtained when using technology that employs a random or sequential number generator. Consent should be clearly stated, well documented and preserved.
- Include language on consent forms stating that recipients who submit wireless numbers agree to receive calls and text messages from or on behalf of the sender.
- Allow recipients to easily cancel or opt-out (e.g., by responding “STOP” or “UNSUBSCRIBE”).
- Promptly remove individuals from your messaging lists who have opted out, and be sure to record the date the person opted-out, and the date the person was removed.
- Talk to your vendors about TCPA and DNC compliance and indemnification.
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Follow these tips to reduce risk of violating DNC
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Resources:
- NAR Telemarketing & Cold-Calling Topic Page
- TCPA Quick Reference Guide
- REALTOR® Magazine: “Do You Know Who You Are Calling?”
- National Do Not Call Registry
- Window to the Law: Comply with The Do Not Call Registry
- Window to the Law: TCPA and Texting
- Window to the Law: TCPA Update on Cell Phone Marketing
COVID-19
- The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting members in unprecedented ways, and raises numerous unique and novel issues for the real estate industry. Through this guidance, NAR aims to respond to commonly asked questions, and to empower members to successfully navigate their real estate businesses during these challenging, and continually evolving, circumstances.
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Risk Reduction Tips
- Adhere to all required and recommended best practices for protecting your and others’ health and safety while reducing the risk of contracting COVID-19.
- Use virtual showing and limit in-person activity when possible.
- Implement a preparedness plan and discuss protocol with clients before any in person interactions.
- Adapt your plans and protocols as necessary to react to changing risk levels in your local community.
- Clearly communicate with and train staff and independent contractors about your workplace reentry plans.
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Resources
- Coronavirus: A Guide for REALTORS®
- Coronavirus Guidance: Commercial Real Estate
- COVID-19: Guidance for Workplace Vaccination Policies
- COVID-19: Workplace Re-entry Checklist
- Sample Preparedness Plan for Circumstances Relating to COVID-19
- Window to the Law: Showing Guidance During a Pandemic
- Window to the Law: Making Your Workplace COVID-Safe
Clear Cooperation Policy Litigation
- Top Agent Network v. National Association of REALTORS®, California Association of REALTORS®, and San Francisco Association of REALTORS®, Case No. 3:20-cv-03198 (N.D. Cal., 2020), filed May 11, 2020.
- The PLS.com, LLC v. National Association of REALTORS®, CRMLS, MRED, and Bright MLS, Case No. 2:20-cv-04790 (C.D. Cal., 2020), filed May 28, 2020.
Plaintiffs in both cases allege that NAR’s Clear Cooperation Policy is anticompetitive. The Clear Cooperation Policy was passed by the NAR Board of Directors in November, 2019, and reinforces transparency and competition between real estate listings and between brokers as pro-consumer benefits of the MLS. The policy requires listing brokers who are participants in a multiple listing service to submit their listing to the MLS within one business day of marketing the property to the public.
Importantly, the policy only applies to listings that are publicly marketed and has no impact on properties that are sold exclusively within a brokerage. When a property is submitted into the MLS, the seller and the broker have concluded cooperation with other MLS participants is in the seller’s best interests and enables the listing to be shared with the widest group of potential buyers, which increases the chance for the best offer. This benefits both sellers and buyers and promotes equal opportunity for all.
The Clear Cooperation Policy is still in effect and is not altered in any way by these lawsuits. -
Resources
Class Action Antitrust Litigation
- Moehrl v. The National Association of REALTORS®, Realogy Holdings Corp., HomeServices of America, Inc., RE/MAX Holdings, Inc., and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. Dist. Ct. N.D. Ill., Case No. 1:19-cv-01610), filed March 6, 2019 (consolidated with Sawbill Strategic, Inc. v. The National Association of REALTORS®, HomeServices of America, Inc., Keller Williams Realty, Inc., Realogy Holdings Corp., and RE/MAX Holdings, Inc. (U.S. Dist. Ct. N.D. Ill., Case No. 1:19-cv-02544), filed April 15, 2019).
- Sitzer and Winger v. NAR et al. (U.S. Dist. Ct. W.D. Mo., Case No. 4:19-cv-00332), filed April 29, 2019.
Plaintiffs filed a putative class action lawsuit against NAR and four real estate corporations alleging home sellers unfairly pay the commissions of buyers’ brokers. The complaints mischaracterize NAR rules and MLS policy, and question the value buyers’ brokers deliver in the home buying and selling process. NAR intends to demonstrate to the courts how the MLS system creates competitive, efficient markets that benefit home buyers and sellers as well as small business brokerages, and that buyers’ brokers play a very real and critical role in the home buying and selling process.
- Leeder v. The National Association of REALTORS®, Realogy Holdings Corp., HomeServices of America, Inc., BHH Affiliates, LLC, The Long & Foster Companies, Inc., RE/MAX LLC, and Keller Williams Realty, Inc. (U.S. Dist. Ct. N.D. Ill., Case No. 1:21-cv-00430), filed January 25, 2021.
Plaintiffs filed a putative class action lawsuit against NAR, two REALTOR® associations, and several corporate defendants. The purported class consists of home buyers who mischaracterize NAR’s rules by alleging that defendants promulgated and enforced anticompetitive rules that caused home buyers to pay inflated commissions for broker services they misrepresent are free, to pay inflated prices for the homes they purchase, and to receive reduced quality broker services.
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DOJ Action
National Association of REALTORS® v. United States of America et al. (U.S. Dist. Ct. D.C., No. 1:21-cv-2406), filed September 13, 2021.
In September 2021, NAR filed a petition to quash a request by the Department of Justice to reopen its investigation into the MLS system, which was resolved by the fully negotiated and approved November 2020 settlement announced by the DOJ and NAR. The DOJ’s attempt to withdraw from the settlement is unprecedented, and a breach of both the agreement and the law. NAR filed this action to simply require the DOJ to live up to the terms of the agreement, which NAR had already begun implementing. That agreement included a requirement that NAR adopt the following four rule changes to more explicitly state what is already in the spirit and intent of NAR’s Code of Ethics and MLS policies:
- The offer of compensation must be disclosed;
- Real estate transaction services must not be advertised as free;
- MLS listings may not be filtered based on commission amount or name of the listing broker or agent;
- Lockbox access must be available to all licensed real estate professionals.
While the settlement is currently on hold, NAR is always committed to acting in the best interest of buyers and sellers across the country and updates its polices to protect consumers and promote transparency and efficiency in the real estate marketplace. Therefore, NAR’s MLS Committee will consider adoption of certain of these rule changes at its November 2021 meeting.